1. main difference between alignments . . .
In GC the spectrum of good to evil for players goes from Saintly, Good, Neutral, Demonic and Pure Evil respectively, I think.
I believe the use of the words Chaotic and Lawful are spin offs from the world of role playing or something . . . but as far as I can tell don't actualy describe the ethos of an AI beyond it's degree of magnitude towards the two extreams i.e. Lawful being extreamly evil/good and chaotic less so.
For instance . . . In the purest sense Lawful Evil should mirror Lawful good in many ways (Conservative, Dogmatic, Justic/Law driven cultures etc etc) . . . doesn't seem to though.
2) Do you get extra Techs depending on your alignment?
Yes! Evil alignments get Darkside, Mind Control and Life Force Techs for example. Good Alignments get Trade Centers (better way?), Galactic Pacifisim (for Starbases . . . the modules have never actually worked as far as I can tell) . . . Neutrals don't seem to get anything special . . . although I could be mistake (I don't play neutral its very difficult) . . .
Hope that helps a bit
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